The issue of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management is an ever increasing problem, especially because solid waste from industry and other Closed-loop Supply Chain Waste (CLSCW) is included in MSW. Dealing with very large amounts of MSW per capita is a global problem, forcing municipalities and industry to develop new systemic approaches and technological solutions. One of the well-accepted solutions is energy recovery from MSW and CLSCW. The Waste-to-Energy (WTE) policy significantly reduces the volume of waste disposed in landfills, influences the reduction of total green houseg as emissions, and gives the potential for generating electricity or developing co-generation of electricity and heat. Never the less, there are still high uncertainties regarding the optimal decision on investments in cogeneration plants. In this paper we shall not discuss the technical characteristics of plants. Our focus is on the choices regarding investment costs and efficiency which also depend on the uncertain demand for supply system products, which is in correlation with the quantity of waste. In general, there covered items must be distributed from the recycling facility back to production, and waste items must be sent to landfills, for which taxes and fees have to be paid. Alternatively, waste items can be reversibly use data source of energy with several technological methods - most commonly the burning process. The uncertain energy efficiency of cogeneration plants and the uncertainty of demand appear simultaneously. In this paper, the methods for supporting decisions in optimal investment orc o-investment in the urban cogeneration plantin case of joint actions of local authorities responsible for MSW and CLSC managers is considered when energy efficiency is normally distributed or fuzzy,at volatile demand, which has never been studied jointly. Extended MRP theoretical results are compared to the solutions of fuzzy reasoning. We show how MRP theory can be used for evaluating the investments, but also how fuzzy reasoning is losing its potential in case of lower demand.
COBISS.SI-ID: 1024225372
Highlights • The housing stock represents a major part of inventories in each society. • The housing stock in Europe is not in optimal use. • Transaction taxes are eating into the housing equity of seniors. • Multiple decrements models including taxation policy can improve spatial planning. Such multiple decrements model is develop. It is suggested how include it in the spatial planning to avoid to low or to high inventories of empty housing units.
COBISS.SI-ID: 38685445
One of the main factors affecting changes in internal migration is real estate taxation. In this paper, we analyze the impact of real estate taxation on internal migration flows of human resources between spatial units at the local level. We address the impact of changed taxation policy on the attractiveness and stickiness of Slovenian municipalities on the dynamics of migration for internal migration flows according to the annulled Real Property Tax Act. To this end, a spatial interaction model for internal migration flows was developed. In addition to the tax rate, which influences municipal revenues and the price of real estate through housing rents, we included other significant explanatory variables in our model. These include population size, distance, employment, gross personal income, municipal revenues, residential area per capita and the average price per square meter of floor space. On the basis of available data and including tax rate as a decision variable in the spatial interaction model, the impact of taxation policy on the attractiveness of municipalities of destination for migration is analysed in more detail in the case study for the Municipality of Ljubljana. Based on available data, we also analysed the changes in municipal revenue brought on by the changes in taxation of real estate in all municipalities in Slovenia.
COBISS.SI-ID: 7893089
This paper explores the impact of the prolonged coexistence of young people in the same household with their parents. We are interested in whether young people feel that their country through regulatory measures should help in gaining independence. Starting from the hypothesis that stay young and old in the extended family is not an indicator of good intergenerational relations and solidarity, but rather reflects a wider social and cultural processes that regulate the lives of all individuals. The study was conducted in three different cultural contexts - in Slovenia, Serbia and Japan. It showed that young people who live in the same household with their parents, even though they are relatively well understood, they want to "go". They expect greater state assistance to regulatory measures and social assistance to have equitably distributed rights of housing between "young" and "old" generation, to more socially equitable and young families friendly housing. This would reduce the pressure on the family and the possibility of tensions in it, as well as the tension between the state and family. The highest level of agreement reflect the Japanese and the lowest Serbs. Among the financial resources to purchase housing Slovenian participants expressed the greatest degree of agreement on the financing of the by mortgaget, while Serbian and Japanese participants are counting on their own financial resources. We have also found a significant cross-cultural difference in relation to the monthly spending to solve the housing problem.
COBISS.SI-ID: 1024677233
The focus of this paper is the risk management of total supply chains by identifying the risk drivers that could appear simultaneously, and the determination of their common denominator to mitigate supply chain risk using the Net Present Value (NPV) approach in Extended Material Requirements Planning (Extended MRP) models. Any risk driver that is likely to disrupt the procurement, production, transportation, warehousing, delivery or financing of a good or service constitutes a realisation of supply chain risk. Risk drivers often appear simultaneously. It is imperative, therefore, that an a priori assessment of the risk drivers that pose risk to the global supply chain is undertaken and that contingency plans are developed at every level to monitor and mitigate these risks, even when they appear simultaneously. To avoid the ruin of a supply chain we must ensure the availability of adequate funds in conjunction with safety stock. Therefore, the risk-mitigation approach pursued in our paper follows from our conviction that money is the stock of purchasing power of any activity cell in a global supply chain that could influence the perturbation of material flows-on many stages simultaneously. In the paper, we provide a method appropriate for preventing the long-term disruption of a supply chain with probability determined in advance. How to assure resilience of a global supply chain is the question which has occupied the World Economic Forum since 2009. The Industry Agendas in Davos expressed the need to develop a risk assessment framework for the end-to-end supply chain which has not been developed yet. The article presents how company owners, regulators, and board members of supply chains can build the risk assessment framework on a similar requirement as that accepted in the insurance industry, capturing knowledge from the Solvency II framework, and embed the constraints in the extended MRP model. Such a quantitative tool can be used to exercise the "stress tests" of the total chain according to assumptions and plans. In the presented methodology, as a novelty first developed here, we show how the perturbation of intensity in production and logistics, simultaneous perturbations in the timing of financial flows, information flows, flows of items and market perturbations can be better evaluated simultaneously through Laplace transforms and the NPV expression which allow for a control of physical and financial flows simultaneously. Our paper follows the Davos 2013 conclusions analysed by Forbes that "To maintain effectiveness, supply chain managers can arrange to share strategic stocks, or to enter into joint supply agreements. They can also pre-arrange ways to access critical stocks". Therefore risks should be evaluated on the level of the end-to-end supply chain, and not only on the level of the companies involved. The paper suggests that resilience of a chain is measured by the probability that the NPV of the chain will not fall under the critical value determined in advance, and the yearly mathematical reservations are derived
COBISS.SI-ID: 513415554