In the period from 2009 to 2012, the value added among the eight major European electricity producing companies on average oscillated around the stagnated trend. Between these companies there were large differences in organizational structure and technology of electricity production. Labor contributes to value added the most in EDF and Vattenfall, while capital contribution to value added is the greatest in Fortum and above average in GEN, Enel and CEZ. From 2009 to 2012 the contribution of labor on average increased, and the contribution of capital decreased. The single exception with opposite changes in production factors' contribution was Enel. Total factor productivity is greatest in RWE, and this company improves it even at the cost of a decline in value added, employment and assets. At the other end from 2009 to 2012 EDF and Enel increased their total factor productivity connected with value added growth. The elasticity of labor employment on final electricity consumption is 0.5, on the price of this energy for industrial use is 0.3, and on the labor costs per employee is -0.2. The elasticity of capital (assets) engagement is 0.8 on final electricity consumption, and 0.5 on the prices of electricity for industrial use (total Eurogroup).
COBISS.SI-ID: 524867097
The paper presents the analysis of sigma (σ) and beta (β) convergences of the selected indicators as those that best represent the level of local self-government and fiscal decentralization systems across the selected EU member states. Through research we wanted to establish how EU integration process influenced the area of local self-government in selected EU member states and if we witness also the unification of this aspect among EU member states. Results confirm that convergence really occurred at the significant rate during the whole period 2004 to 2013 and also during the sub periods 2004 to 2009 and further, although in latter period some divergence or slowing down in convergence has been also present. Nevertheless, we can confirm that EU integration process has also influenced the area of local self-government and that EU member countries are converging to the commonly adopted criteria are principles as stated in EU charter of local self-government.
COBISS.SI-ID: 12005148
The so-called decentralization of public procurement in EU Member States is accepted as the most suitable design of the public procurement system, often justified by greater economic efficiency and by the possibility of boosting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, which act on the public procurement market as providers of goods, services and works. Despite the existence of highly decentralized public procurement systems which reflect the decentralization of administrative systems, especially after the recession, there is a stronger tendency for centralization of public procurement in the EU. The so-called aggregation of demand by contracting authorities can be done in order to achieve economies of scale, including lower prices and transaction costs as well as to improve and professionalize the management of procurement procedures.
COBISS.SI-ID: 4967979
CRM (Capacity Remuneration Mechanism) was developed in the period after the transition in electricity supply from an infrastructure to a market based activity. In these new circumstances CRM soon became one of the most important instruments for balancing and regulating the market, which is characterized by a very rigid demand and slow response on the supply side, having limited capacities (Cobweb). By coordinating the adjustment capabilities over a long period CRM can help the supply of electricity to accommodate increased demand. The most recent wave of imbalances in the electricity market (extremely low prices for certain "green" manufacturers due to state subsidization; the high cost structure of most "traditional" electric power producers) has deeply affected the Slovenian producers of these necessary goods. The consequences will be reflected in the long run, particularly in terms of compromises to Slovenia's energy stability and a decline in capacities, as well as greater energy dependence, while electricity prices for the final consumer are projected to rise. The analyses presented in the article show that in the case of a four-hour blackout the Slovenian economy would lose between 29 and 146 million EUR while longer (48-hour) blackout would cost the country several hundred million EUR.
COBISS.SI-ID: 14318929