We numerically determined the optimal beating patterns of cilia according to their energetic efficiency. We showed that maximizing the efficiency of a single cilium leads to curly, often symmetric, and somewhat counter-intuitive patterns. When looking at a densely ciliated surface, the optimal patterns become remarkably similar to what is observed in microorganisms like Paramecium. We demonstrated that metachronal coordination is essential for efficient pumping and the highest efficiency is achieved with antiplectic waves.
COBISS.SI-ID: 25073447