The research group is very active in the application of research results to structural design standards. We pay special attention to the transfer of knowledge acquired through various research into practice and the development of structural design practice in Slovenia and Europe. Recently, we have been actively involved in the development of a new generation of European standards for the design of structures (Eurocodes). Numerous results of our research in the field of design of reinforced concrete wall structures, precast buildings, reinforced concrete bridges and other results that were described when applying for research program Earthquake Engineering are currently included in the working versions of these standards. We are currently intensively testing the drafts of the second generation of Eurocode standards, and twice a year, preparing review reports on the basis of which the draft standards are improved within CEN/TC250. Most of our review comments have been included in the new revisions of these standards. Tatjana Isaković was actively involved in the preparation of the ISO standard 20987, which includes the design of mechanical joints of structural elements of reinforced concrete precast buildings [COBISS.SI-ID 8982881]. We are also very active in various working groups at the Slovenian Institute for Standardisation (SIST), which take care of the development of standards in Slovenia. Tatjana Isaković is the President of the Technical Committee for Structures SIST/TC KON, the national representative in CEN / TC250 Structural Design and CEN / TC250 / SC8 Design of Earthquake Resistant Structures. Several members of the program group are involved in working groups that are research support for the second generation of Eurocodes: CEN / TC250 / SC8 / WG1 Future directions for the development of Eurocode 8 (Matjaž Dolšek), CEN / TC250 / SC8 / WG4 Seismic load, CEN250 / SC6 / WG1 (Vlatko Bosiljkov). Matjaž Dolšek is a member of the Expert Council at SIST for the general field of standardisation.
F.31 Development of standards
COBISS.SI-ID: 8982881In the last three years, the members of the research program Earthquake Engineering has been very intensively involved in the review of project documentation for new facilities at the Krško NPP. For bunker building 2 - BB2, which contains additional systems for ensuring safety in the Krško NPP, we prepared preliminary expert evaluation reports and final expert evaluation reports for the following project documentation: 1. Project documentation of civil structures, from the construction pit to the floor response spectra for earthquake-resistant design of equipment, 2. Project documentation for seismic fragility analysis of the BB2 building, 3. Project documentation for seismic fragility analysis of BB2 safety-related components in the BB2 building, 4. Project documentation for seismic fragility analysis of BB2 safety-related components outside the BB2 building. The project documentation for the BB2 facility comprised several thousand pages, which were reviewed several times. Over 20 different expert opinions were issued, as well as some independent analyses. We found many shortcomings in the project documentation, which was prepared mainly by designers from abroad. By eliminating these shortcomings, we contributed to the increased safety of Nuclear Power Plant Krško. For the spent fuel dry storage (DSB) building of spent fuel at the Krško NPP, we reviewed the following project documentation: 1. Project documentation of civil structures, from the foundation pad to the floor response spectra for earthquake-resistant design of equipment, 2. Project documentation for the assessment of the seismic performance of the spent fuel cask, 3. Project documentation for the seismic performance assessment of a free-standing spent fuel cask. 4. Project documentation for seismic fragility analysis of the DSB building where we contributed to the development of the methodology. The project documentation for the DSB facility comprised several thousand pages, which were reviewed several times. Over 20 different expert opinions were issued, as well as some independent analyses. We found many shortcomings in the project documentation, which was prepared mainly by designers from abroad. By eliminating these shortcomings, we contributed to the increased safety of DSB building and casks for spent fuel in the Nuclear Power Plant Krško. Projects were led by M. Dolšek. For references check Cobiss, researcher ID 18793, typology 2.15 from 2019 to 2021.
D.06 Final report on a foreign/international project
In the past, our members were editors of a special issue Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, which is the main European Journal in the field of earthquake engineering. The special issue was dedicated to the seismic response of reinforced concrete walls. They were also members of the editorial boards of various international journals. Bulletin of earthquake engineering. Isaković, Tatjana (guest editor 2019). Dordrecht: Springer. ISSN 1570-761X. https://link.springer.com/journal/10518. [COBISS.SI-ID 897639] Frontiers in built environment. Isaković, Tatjana (member of the editorial board 2015-). Lausanne: Frontiers Media S.A., 2015-. ISSN 2297-3362. http://www.frontiersin.org/Built_Environment. [COBISS.SI-ID 7002977] Building Materials and Structures: Journal for reasearch of materials and structures. Isaković, Tatjana (member of editorial board 2021-). Belgrade: Society for Materials and Structures Testing of Serbia. Organization, technology & management in construction. Šelih, Jana (member of editorial board 2009-). [Print ed.]. Zagreb: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering M. Gams is a member of the Publishing Council of the Construction Journal, which is a newsletter of the Association of Civil Engineers and Technicians of Slovenia and the Main Section of Civil Engineers of the Chamber of Engineers of Slovenia. Bokan-Bosiljkov, Violeta (Editor), Šijanec-Zavrl, Marjana (Editor). Proceedings of the expert conference. Ljubljana: Road society, 2019. Bokan-Bosiljkov Violeta, RILEM Development Advisory Committee member responsible for Europe.
C.03 Guest-associated editor
COBISS.SI-ID: 897639We also take care of transferring our knowledge gained through various research to various partner universities around the world. In 2019, the very successful Erasmus + project Forecast Engineering: From Past Design to Future Decisions was completed, in which we successfully transferred our knowledge about the seismic analysis and design of bridges to master's students from partner universities in Germany, Hungary, Croatia and Portugal. In addition, T. Isakovič gave two invited lectures at the Bauhaus University in Weimar, Germany. ISAKOVIC, Tatjana. Pushover-based seismic analysis of structures: lecture at the "Bauhaus-Universität Weimar", Faculty of Civil Engineering, 6th August 2019. [COBISS.SI-ID 8864097] ISAKOVIC, Tatjana. Seismic response of reinforced concrete walls: lecture at "Bauhaus-Universität Weimar", Faculty of Civil Engineering, 6th August 2019. [COBISS.SI-ID 8864353] Members of the research program Earthquake Engineering gave several invited lectures at national or international conferences [COBISS.SI-ID 61761539], [COBISS.SI-ID 8813153], [COBISS.SI-ID 8986465] and many invited lectures at unpublished conferences (10 events under Cobiss ID 3.19).
B.04 Guest lecture
COBISS.SI-ID: 8864353The seismic stress test of the building stock in the Republic of Slovenia was developed for the needs of the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning. The methodology and application of the seismic stress test were developed within project J2-8159. However, the study was much broader. The members of research program P2-0185 contributed proposals for the rehabilitation and strengthening of the building stock with a cost estimate, designed processes for the strengthening of earthquake-prone buildings and developed a model for seismic risk management by 2050. To strengthen Slovenia's seismic resilience, we proposed measures to enhance the seismic resilience of the building stock in terms of seismic strengthening of buildings, measures to evaluate seismic safety and measures to disseminate information on seismic safety. The latest measure improves society's awareness of seismic risk. It thus establishes a value system that would be a driver to strengthen earthquake safety and enhance the business model in construction, which is currently based on the criterion of the lowest construction cost. Such a business model is certainly not optimal. The study showed that seismic safety is a market category that is not yet supported by relevant legislation and standards for earthquake-resistant design of buildings. With the establishment of a sustainable seismic risk management system, it will be necessary to change the legislation in several areas. Therefore, we assume that the measures are divided into a preparatory phase (e.g. 5 years) and an implementation phase (25 years). Slovenia's small size is an advantage in this case, as smaller communities are easier to adapt in comparison to larger ones. The results of the study are based on a physics defined seismic risk analysis that has a societal impact. Based on the results, we have shown that Slovenia is very seismically vulnerable, affecting policy-making at the national level. Namely, the national vulnerability assessment due to various hazards is based on an arbitrarily determined scenario for adverse events and arbitrarily determined levels of consequences of adverse events. From this point of view, the risk matrix used at the national level for risk assessment is completely outdated and biased. The risk matrix is designed in such a way that high risk in the Republic of Slovenia is represented by more frequent events (such as minor floods), while strong earthquakes, by definition, do not represent a high risk, which has no physics meaning. The methodology for the seismic stress test takes into account all possible earthquakes and measures the risk with indicators such as expected annual damage, the number of facilities exposed to excessive risk, determined on the basis of failure probability and other measures that take into account the effects of all possible earthquakes and their consequences. The current legal system established in the Republic of Slovenia does not foresee any responsibility of the owners for preventive actions against earthquakes. After the earthquake strikes, full solidarity of society is foreseen. Owners who have invested in new construction or preventive seismic measures are in an inequitable position with those who did not care about safety before the earthquake. It is the system of full community solidarity, which prevents establishing a value system related to seismic risk and thus the owners' and companys' interest in strengthening the seismic resilience of their real estate. Analyes, which were performed by utilising a model for seismic risk assessment of building stock in Slovenia, have shown that the Petrinja earthquake (Mw = 6.4), if hit Ljubljana, would cause about 500 deaths (median) and 10.5 billion euros (median) of direct damage to the building stock. Vast losses would slow down the development of Slovenia because such (without indirect losses) represents over 20% of gross domestic product. The results of the project were disseminated amo
F.11 Development of a new service
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