Projects / Programmes
Permanence of paper and board
| Code |
Science |
Field |
Subfield |
| 4.01.03 |
Biotechnical sciences |
Forestry, wood and paper technology |
Paper technology |
| Code |
Science |
Field |
| T000 |
Technological sciences |
|
| T460 |
Technological sciences |
Wood, pulp and paper technology |
Paper and board, quality of paper and board, paper ageing, durability and permanence of paper and board, permanent paper for written, printing and arts cultural heritage, conservation and restoration of damage materials on paper.
Researchers (5)
| no. |
Code |
Name and surname |
Research area |
Role |
Period |
No. of publicationsNo. of publications |
| 1. |
02461 |
PhD Marjeta Černič |
Forestry, wood and paper technology |
Researcher |
1998 - 1999 |
0 |
| 2. |
12003 |
PhD Jožica Dolenc |
Veterinarian medicine |
Researcher |
1998 - 1999 |
0 |
| 3. |
08657 |
PhD Gabrijela Novak |
Forestry, wood and paper technology |
Head |
1998 - 1999 |
0 |
| 4. |
17363 |
Edvard Podobnik |
|
Researcher |
1998 - 1999 |
0 |
| 5. |
17358 |
Franci Prah |
|
Researcher |
1998 - 1999 |
0 |
Organisations (1)
| no. |
Code |
Research organisation |
City |
Registration number |
No. of publicationsNo. of publications |
| 1. |
0219 |
Pulp and Paper Institute |
Ljubljana |
5051681 |
0 |
Abstract
Paper has always been and will also remain one of the more impor-tant transmitters and carriers of the written, printing and arts cultural heritage. Still, paper is not eternal since it is made from relatively unstable organic raw materials and is thus more or less subject to ageing - its characteristics change and its quality is limited in the course of time. The mechanism of ageing is influenced by numerous interactions between substances in the paper and in its surroundings which are visible mostly in the deterioration of mechanical resistance, chemical stability and optical character-istics of paper.
The vitality of paper is described by the notions durability and permanence. Its permanence depends on the chemical durability of raw materials and influences of external factors, whereas its durability depends especially on the physichal-mechanical charac-teristics of its basic components and the contamination of those components with ions from the environment.
The basic causes contributing to the ageing of paper are there-fore of endogeneous and exogeneous character - they can be attributed to three basic parameters:
? causes issuing from inaproppriate fibres or the entire combi-nation of raw materials used (fibres, fillers, glues, additives) and from technological conditions of production (method of grind-ing of fibres and preparation of the paper mass, method of gluing - type of glue, acid, neutral, alkaline gluing),
? influences being brought about through the techniques of writing (ink), printing (print type, quality of printing-ink), processing (various kinds of binding) and its use in general,
? pollution of air (SO2, Nox, O3), effects of lightning, raised temperature and humidity of atmosphere; also the impact of mi-croorganisms and mould should be taken into account.
The quality difference between individual kinds of paper lies mostly in their entire primary material composition and techno-logical conditions of production. To a non-expert, the character-istics of modern kinds of paper may seem to be similar. The basic agents of paper degradation are a combination of internal and external factors, especially acid or alcaline hydrolysis, oxida-tive degradation, thermolysis, the effect of microorganisms, reactions to mouldiness and physichal-mechanical damages.
The influence of internal factors on the ageing of paper repre-sents a 80-85% share - dependent on producers and processors of paper - mostly in the graphic branch, whereas the share of the outer-factors influence is as low as 10-15% and is in correlation to consumers in the archives, libraries, museums, galleries and government institutions.
The protection of the written cultural heritage is a very complex and extensive subject on the influence of internal and external factors on ageing of the materials on paper demanding a high degree of cooperation of all the parties concerned, an adequate governmental support included.
